Prejudice in “Of Mice and Men” Essay

â€Å"Prejudices are the chains forged by ignorance to keep men apart.† – Marguerite Gardiner. In society, both modern and in the past, prejudice has been a tool of thinking and labeling a group of race, people, class and culture in order to distinguish ones superiority and dominance from one another, but is simply a way to judge without gathering valid facts. In Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, we see that prejudice was just as rampant in the 1930’s. In the novel, prejudice is demonstrated on 3 different levels: racial, sexual and social. It is shown how these prejudices generate false perceptions that although meant to aid, do no such good as their end result is clouding the truth. Racial prejudice is most significant when describing Crooks, who happens to be the stable buck for the farm. Crooks is also a Black man with a back disability, hence the reason he is called â€Å"Crooks†. While most of the other workers live in the same area and attend to jobs that are quite similar, Crooks is forced to live by himself, work alone in the stables and is almost never in contact with any of the other characters. People such as Curly’s Wife go as far as to ridicule Crooks and even look down at him simply for the fact that he is a Black man with a disability who is a laborer. In one instance, Curly’s Wife threatens Crooks by telling him â€Å"Listen, Nigger, you know what I can do if you open your trap, I could get you strung up on a tree so easy it ain’t funny† (Steinbeck, 98). The open brutality of this comment shows that even a woman, who would normally not have much or any say during this time in the 1930’s, is still considered higher in social class than an African-American man. Nothing is known about him as a person by any of the other farm attendants, but the prejudices that in this case are completely false help propel a gap between them, when one does not need to be. Although he may be physically handicap, he is just as capable as any of the others. As a result of being an outcast at the farm, Crooks has become very isolated and disengaged with the other members. When Lennie enters Crooks cabin in order retrieve the puppies, Crooks lashes out and tells Lennie â€Å"I ain’t wanted in the bunk room and you ain’t wanted in my room† (Steinbeck,124). This comment shows that Crooks has become bitter and alone because of the prejudice constantly being aimed at him when there is no reason for the way he is treated. He is a great overall example of racial  prejudice in Of Mice and Men and society, both past and present, in which a African-American male, who is as capable as any man of another color is denied the same opportunities because of stereotypes and perceptions which can only be supported with biased false facts. Sexual prejudice is strong when Curly’s Wife is a part of a scene. Curly’s Wife also happens to be the only female that is currently occupying the place of work that the novel is set in. Curly’s Wife is presented as a character who tends to be very friendly with all the men on the farm and enjoys the attention she gets because her husband, Curly does not give her the amount of attention that she wants, so she finds it with others. Curly’s Wife is often avoided by all other who work at the farm because she is a woman who could get them in a lot of trouble. Curly is the boss’ son and Curly’s Wife being the daughter-in-law always gets her way and can have any man in the farm fired without reason. â€Å"She got the eye goin’ all the time on everybody. I bet she even gives the stable buck they eye. I don’t know what the hell she wants† (Steinbeck,51). Being a woman, there is already significant amount of sexual prejudice directed to her and the fact that she is very flirtatious with the other men further strengthens their perception of her. They all try to remain as calm as possible, careful not to give her the wrong idea cause they know the trouble that she could get them in. In actuality it appears that Curly’s Wife only craves attention from the other men and nothing sexual because of the lack of her husband to give her the attention that she wants. The idea of her wanting something only sexual and not spiritual shows the prejudice associated with gender in this novel and how its falsehood prevents a lonely woman from engaging and connecting with others on a mental level. Equally important is the Social prejudice towards characters such as Candy and Lennie in Of Mice and Men. Candy is very old and not capable of doing much around the farm but is still kept around to do the simple chores that the others are seen as more of a waste of time for others. These simple chores are envied by others and this jealousy helps create a division between Candy and the others. Candy also has a dog that in many ways is similar to him â€Å"[The] dog ain’t no good to himself. I wisht somebody’d shoot  me if I got old an’ a cripple (pg. 45).† They are both described as being old, withered, confused and in many ways more of a nuisance who would do more good dead than alive. Socially being hated by the majority of the men at the ranch shows the prejudice that is directed without any reason, but simply motivated by jealousy. In the instance of Lennie, social prejudice is strongest evident in the perception others have of him because in their eyes, all they see is a big oaf incapable of accomplishing anything intelligent and only kept around for his strength. Before meeting Lennie and even engaging him in conversation, his position has already been established at the Ranch. With Curly we see that â€Å"[He’s] like a lot of little guys. He hates big guys. He’s alla time picking scraps with big guys. Kind of like he’s mad at ’em because he ain’t a big guy† (pg. 26). Regardless of his ability to be of help at the farm, Curly already establishes his position on Lennie even though he has had no significant direct contact or enough time to accurately depict Lennie as a person and not just a big man physically. Not only Curly, but other members of the farm also have decided Lennie’s place at work before fully knowing him. He is left out of card games, left back at the ranch when George and the others go out to hand more important jobs. Being considered a simple minded men with little use who spend their days playing with and day dreaming about rabbits or sweeping after others, Lennie and Candy have become outcasts in the sense that one of them is perceived to be mentally unstable and added to the fact that he is physically strong, while the other one is a nuisance who many could live without, make them both isolated and all the more reason to be avoid and singled out. â€Å"Of Mice and Men† is a brilliant novel in demonstrating that prejudice is a tool that people use to become more familiar with other individuals in order to overcome the fear of uncertainty. However, the ending result is that it puts distance between the person and the one they judge because it is not fact, but perception that is completely untrue. Prejudice is simply the reasoning of a fool to make themselves feel secure.

How did Shakespeare appeal to his audience, both in the 17th century, and in the modern era? Essay

Shakespeare’s play, Macbeth, created a big impact when it was written and first performed and it is still popular and well known. So why do so many people still enjoy it? What did Shakespeare do to capture his audience so well? Act 1, Scene 3 is the scene in which the witches meet again. One tells a detailed story about a sailor whom she is planning to torture. This shows the audience how mean the witches can be so the audience isn’t true how trustworthy they are. Soon after, the witches meet with Banquo and Macbeth and they tell them both prophecies; calling Macbeth Thane of Glamis (which he already is), Thane of Cawdor, and they say that he â€Å"shalt be king hereafter† (line 58). At the end of the scene, Ross and Angus come to inform Macbeth that he is thane of Cawdor. It is once they’ve left that he realises that one of the witch’s prophecies has come true so he starts to wonder about the second one. Act 5 is the last act of the play and in scene 5; there are two main events. Firstly, he is told by Seyton, a messenger, that his wife is dead. After this, Macbeth has a soliloquy. Then, straight away, a messenger hurries in and tells Macbeth that Birnam Woods are advancing. This is a turning point in the play because at this point, Macbeth recalls the witches’ prophecy, which said that he was not die until Birnam Woods advanced. The scene ends with Macbeth ordering to ring alarms. The main characters in Act 1, Scene 3 are the witches, Macbeth and Banquo. The witches seem like a big contradiction. The first witch told a story about torturing a sailor to death because his wife refused to give her chestnuts! This shows just how evil the witches were. However, they called themselves sisters and they worked together. For example, the second and third witches offer to give the first witch wind to help. â€Å"I’ll give thee a wind† (line 10). This is contradictory because they have a good side and a bad side so it makes the audience ask themselves if the witches can be trusted. It turns out, at the end of the play, that although the witches told the truth, a lot of trouble could have been avoided if they hadn’t intervened because Macbeth would not have had the ambition to be the king. This is the first scene in which we see Macbeth on stage. So far, he has been portrayed as a brave soldier and â€Å"noble Macbeth†. However, when he sees the witches, he becomes scared. We know Macbeth doesn’t want to admit that he is scared because he doesn’t say it. However, we can tell because in line 49, Banquo says, â€Å"why do you start and seem to fear / things that do sound so fair?† Banquo doesn’t believe the witches at first. He doesn’t take them seriously at all and once they have vanished, he asks himself if him and Macbeth had taken drugs: â€Å"or have we eaten on the insane root,† (line 82). When he finds out that Macbeth is actually Thane of Cawdor, he is really surprised and in line 105, says, â€Å"what, can the devil speak true?† The â€Å"what,† shows the audience that Banquo is surprised. Macbeth is the only major character in act 5, scene 5. However, he changes a lot throughout the scene. At the beginning, he is extremely confident. He says, in lines 2 to 3 that his â€Å"castle’s strength / will laugh a siege to scorn†. After he hears the cry from offstage, he talks to make the audience feel sorry for him. â€Å"I have supped full with horrors,† (line 13) means that he has had enough horror so he is immune to them. He seems numb to the Queen’s death. This is really odd because at the beginning of the play, he seems truly in love with his wife. He only mentions three lines about his wife. After this, he starts talking about life. When the messenger tells him the news about Birnam Woods, he becomes really rude and calls him a â€Å"liar and slave!† Very soon after, he appears much less confident than at the beginning of the scene. He even tells the messenger that he can treat him like he would treat the messenger, which is to hang hi m on a tree until he dies of hunger. Line 39, â€Å"if thy speech be sooth / I care not if thou dost for me as much† The witches in Act 1, Scene 3 all speak in verse; the rhythm is steady and they speak in rhyming couplets. This shows that they are different and odd to normal people. They also speak to Macbeth and Banquo in riddle. This gives the audience doubts about how trustworthy the witches are. In fact, this turns out to be the main problem in the play because a lot would have been avoided if Macbeth had known the whole and exact truth. As soon as Macbeth arrives, he asks lots of questions. He seems desperate to know more and in his speech in line 68, he pleads the witches to â€Å"tell him more†. He also says everything that is going through his head out loud. This shows the audience that he is confused. In this speech, he also uses a lot of commanding words such as â€Å"say†¦ I charge you†¦ you owe†¦ speak†¦ tell†. After the witches vanish, Macbeth starts speaking in really short sentences, which make him seem more thoughtful because we don’t know w hat he’s thinking in between his sentences. After Ross and Angus have left, Macbeth says a lot to the audience (soliloquies). This shows his thoughts and gives the audience audience privilege. This makes the plot seem more exciting. He asks himself a lot of questions in these speeches, which is a change from the constant commanding tone he was using earlier. Lines 131-135, he says, â€Å"why hath it given me earnest of success† meaning, ‘why was I promised a promotion (to be the Thane of Cawdor)’ then he goes on to ask himself â€Å"why do I yield to that suggestion†¦Ã¢â‚¬  meaning, ‘why does it give me such horrible thoughts?’ The audience do not know what these thoughts are although later, we find out that he couldn’t help thinking of murdering King Duncan. At one point, Macbeth even goes into a daze! We know this because in line 142, Banquo says, â€Å"look how our partners rapt.† At the beginning of Act 5, Scene 5, Macbeth gives a lot of orders (Shakespeare used lots of exclamation marks when writing the play). These show that Macbeth is very confident. In lines 2-4, Macbeth says, â€Å"Our castle’s strength will laugh a siege to scorn†. This shows he is not just confident in his way of saying things, but also very arrogant and confident that he will win. However, after his wife, the Queen, dies, Macbeth’s confidence drops. His soliloquy makes the play less realistic because people don’t usually talk to themselves however it is still evocative because it clearly shows Macbeth’s emotions. In his soliloquy, Macbeth mentions that his wife should have died at a more convenient time; line 17, â€Å"she should have died hereafter.† This shows that Macbeth is suddenly completely numb in contrast to him being deeply in love before his wife died. Perhaps, at this pint he is telling himself that he didn’t really care abo ut the Queen because he didn’t want to show his being upset. In line 20, Macbeth starts talking about the meaning of life. This is showing he has a soft side and it’s also the point at which, in my opinion, he really starts to feel sorry for himself and realises the damage of all his mistakes. This section could also be a metaphor because he is comparing life to a play. He reminds the audience that the play is just an unreal story by saying that it’s just a story â€Å"told by an idiot†. It may be that Shakespeare is calling himself an idiot but I think this is highly unlikely. I think, on the other hand, that Macbeth is calling the author (Shakespeare) an idiot because Macbeth’s part in the play is not nice (he turns out to be the tragic hero). Moreover, by saying that an actor plays his character â€Å"and then is heard no more†, Macbeth hints at the end of the story at which he dies. Also, he is near the end of his acting and will probably be seen no more. He is emphasizing this point; perhaps to let people remember him once the play is over. It seems as though Shakespeare wrote this as Macbeth’s true moments, by himself, on stage as the hero. Macbeth’s evocative soliloquy, which shows his soft side, contrasts his really rude manner later. For example, in line 34, he shouts â€Å"liar and slave†. Then he quickly becomes less scary as he starts doubting himself and he even tells the messenger that he has the permission to hand Macbeth onto â€Å"a tree till he dies of hunger†. These sudden changes in moods and politeness show that Macbeth has confused emotions. Equivocation and Evil are the two main themes in Act 1, Scene 3. Equivocation is also the main theme throughout the play. In scene 3, the witches all talk in riddle. This is unclear and therefore a form of equivocation because if the witches told the complete truth, the plot would have been completely different. For example Macbeth would have understood the Birnam Woods riddle. He would have understood that the ‘forest advancing’ meant an army of soldiers against him. Evil is the other main theme in Act 1, Scene 3. This is the scene in which Macbeth contemplates killing King Duncan. He describes his thoughts as awful and they can’t even be spoken; lines 138-139 â€Å"Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair / and make my seated heart knock at my ribs.† However, once Duncan is dead, Macbeth is suddenly able to kill more people more easily. So, what originally seemed very evil became normal for Macbeth. The Evil theme continues in act 5, scene 5. For example in lines 3-5, Macbeth says â€Å"here let them lie till famine and the ague eat them up† Macbeth said this without second thoughts showing that he does not feel very disturbed about people being killed or dieing horribly. Also, the evil in this scene is based more on Violence and Tyranny. For example, in lines 37-39, Macbeth says â€Å"if though speak’st false / upon the next tree shall hang though alive / Till famine cling thee†. This is clearly more gruesome and evil than killing Duncan with a dagger but it is given less importance because killing, by this point, has become more accepted in the play. Another theme in act 5, scene 5 is Appearance Vs Reality. For example, it appears that Birnam Woods are advancing and Macbeth doesn’t understand this however, it turns out to an army of soldiers carrying logs. We can tell that no body really understood why the woods were advancing because in lines 32-33 , a messenger says, â€Å"and anon, methought / the wood began to move†. Also, it appears, when Macbeth is talking about the Queen dieing, that he doesn’t care and he seems completely numb to any pain. However, I think Macbeth is just putting on a false appearance at this point to pretend he is not upset and he’s strong but in fact, I think the reality is that he is very upset but hiding it. Also, going by the riddles, it appears Macbeth is not going to die. He was promised by the second apparition in act 4, scene 1 (line 82-83) that â€Å"none of woman born / shall harm Macbeth.† Both Macbeth and the audience think that everybody is ‘of woman born’ and therefore Macbeth will not die. However, the reality, as is revealed in the very last scene in lines 15-16 in which Macduff explains that he, â€Å"was from his mother’s womb / Untimely ripped.† Meaning that he was born by caesarean section and is therefore going to kill Macbeth. Throughout the whole play, the staging is important to pass messages on to the audience. In Act 1, Scene 3, the witches enter with thunder. This emphasizes the fact that they are weird and mysterious. Also, thunder is usually thought of as a negative thing so Shakespeare, by making the witches related to thunder, give the audience a bad impression of them. It’s as though the thunder symbolises the witches’ wickedness. Also in line 33, the witches dance together â€Å"hand in hand† and they call themselves â€Å"The weird witches† showing that they are different to normal people. The audience sees the witches as outsiders and obviously would find it hard to relate to them. Another weird and mysterious part is when the witches vanish after line 78. The withes actions show the audience that they are different and this, consequently, gives the audience doubts about whether they can be trusted as, as humans, we naturally find it difficult to trust people/things we don’t know. Contrary to the witches, Ross and Angus are completely normal people, and in fact, they enter normally, with no special staging effects. Macbeth is given speaches a couple of times during Act 1, Scene 3. At first, he speaks aside in line 117-119 when he marvels at being Thane of Cawdor and Thane of Glamis and he knows that being king is still to come. He also speaks aside in lines 130, 133, 147 and 152. All of these aside speeches make the play more unrealistic. Shakespeare did this because with the play being unrealistic, it can represent the characters emotions more effectively so they play is more evocative. It also means that the audience solely concentrate on the characters and their emotions. This emphasizes them so this play is written about the emotions and the plot is just a way of portraying them. In act 5, scene 5 the Queen dies offstage. This draws the audience’s feelings towards Macbeth’s emotions and feelings as opposed to the actual death itself. This is important because death has become relatively insignificant by this point in the play because so many people have died. Therefore, drawing attention to the death would not be very effective. However, the audience is very interested in how Macbeth has changed throughout the play so his soliloquies and attention to him are very important in this part of the play. In the 17th century, Shakespeare’s plays were more enjoyed by the public because at the time, they also had a social significance. Historians have also been able to learn about life during the 17th century through Shakespeare’s play as they are closely related to society at that time. For example, in the 1600s there was a big concern about witches. People were extremely scared of them and there were rewards for catching them and horrible punishments for being a witch. This contrasts the play as the witches actually told the truth. The audience is as surprised as Macbeth is when he finds out that he was the Thane of Cawdor. In line 108, Macbeth says, â€Å"what, can the devil speak true?† to show his surprise. On the other, it was nasty of the witches to interfere and they were the main cause of all the problems so they proved to be as bad as society thought they were. The chestnut story in Act 1, Scene 3 shows the audience just how evil the witches are. This makes the audience feel happy because they have just been proved right about their thoughts about witches. Moreover, during Shakespeare’s time, loyalty to the king was one of the most important things. Therefore, Macbeth’s thoughts (line 33) were extremely bad. It would have shocked the audience. This is also one of the main reasons that Duncan’s death is offstage. It would have offended the King if he were shown dieing on stage. In Act 5, Scene 5, it is especially surprising that Macbeth tells the messenger that he is allowed to hang him alive from a tree and let him die of hunger because during the 17th century, social status was very important and the King’s status would have been considered to be much greater than a messenger’s. The fact that Macbeth told the messenger that he could treat him the same, means that Macbeth is bringing his status right down much lower than a King would normally be; to the level of the messenger. In society at that time, this would be extremely different to what everyone was used to so this event would have a huge impact on the audience. In my opinion, the unreality of the play is the main reason that Shakespeare managed to appeal to his audience both in the 17th century and in the modern era. The plot obviously had more social significance in the 17th century and was therefore probably more effective then but the plot isn’t the most important part whereas the emotions our. As our emotions haven’t changed, the play can still be enjoyed now and the modern audience can still understand, and be affected by the evocative speeches and scenes. Cami Rothe Form: 10PE Teacher: A. Partington Coursework: Pre 1914 Drama / Shakespeare

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Carbon Dioxide Fire Suppression System - Essay Example For carbon dioxide to be effective as a total flooding fire suppressant, a minimum design of 34% concentration is needed. However, laboratory testing and simulation of carbon dioxide fire suppressant use indicate that concentrations greater than 17% results to loss of controlled and purposeful activity, convulsions, unconsciousness, coma and even death within 1 minute of initial inhalation (OSHA, 1999). Even at 10-17% concentrations, carbon dioxide inhalation has been shown by Wong (1992) to result to drowsiness, sever muscle twitching and even unconsciousness. At 7 to 10 percent, headaches, visual and hearing dysfunction, hallucination and shortness of breath have been observed. At a minimum of 34% designed concentration for effectiveness, Carbon dioxide suppression systems are lethal. Any inadvertent discharge of the carbon dioxide in an occupied room can cause death quickly and without warning. The National Fire Protection Agency and the Occupational Safety and Health Authority have established guidelines such that human exposure do not occur during fire-fighting events but documented cases occurred during system installation, commissioning and maintenance because many of the servicemen lack the necessary knowledge and training. OSHA (1999) Carbon Dioxide, Industrial Exposure and Control Technologies for OSHA Regulated Hazardou

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Three benefits of making change - Essay Example Change is not necessarily well-received in most situations of life. In fact, resistance to change is one of the most fundamental behaviors embedded in human nature. We dislike change because of our concerns and insecurities associated with the unpredictable circumstances. However, many successful people attribute their success to change (Chibukhchyan). Discomfort and lack of ease is commonly experienced in the initial stages of embracing a change because while doing so, an individual essentially comes out of his/her comfort zone, but as he/she starts to get used to the changing circumstances and comes to terms with it, he/she happens to realize and discover such talents and opportunities that might never have become evident otherwise. Some changes are evitable while others are not. Even if an individual tends to avoid changes, there is hardly anything he/she can do about the inevitable changes. One such change is the process of aging and the changes it causes in the physical as well as biological features of an individual. For example, the colorful hair becomes dull and grey as an individual ages. Many people, particularly men even experience hair loss as they age. However, if people embrace this change and try to take the necessary measures to adjust and adapt to it, they can bring a very positive change in their lives. For example, an individual can do hair enhancement to feel better and combat the risks of hair damage and hair fall with aging. â€Å"Unlike surgical and cosmetic interventions that are used to update other physical features (e.g., lasers, face lifts, tummy tucks, teeth implants), enhancements to our hair are much less radical, and yet they can make a huge difference in how we feel about our agi ng appearance† (Diller). It takes willpower, hard work, and self-discipline to change (Losee), but an emotional relationship with someone worthy and positively influential is the catalyst for change. Many people suffering from diseases need to bring

Discussion on intangible assets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion on intangible assets - Essay Example The assets have propelled various companies such as Coca-Cola to greater heights of performance and competitiveness globally. However, a number of concerns arise with respect to their value as estimated, amortization, and representation. The first concern is that, intangible assets present immense challenges when financial statements of a company are prepared. The challenges emanate since the assets lack definite value compared to tangible assets. The issue leads to the realization of numerous gaps within the process that result to misrepresentation of the actual performance level of a company (Abdallah, 2004). Concerns also arise on whether the value of the intangible assets should be reported at their carrying amounts or fair value amounts. This is a major issue as evident various financial reports given that some assets such as goodwill carries some cost of impairment that affects the value. Likewise, most companies have failed to separate the value of acquired intangible assets in their books as required under GAAP regulations as established in various financial statements. They include the value of the acquired intangible assets in the value of goodwill (Abdallah, 2004). This poses a challenge of establishing t he actual value of a company’s goodwill that determines investment decisions. Overstatement of values of intangible assets that is becoming common in most institutions also forms a significant cause of concern. This occurs due to inaccurate estimation of the useful life of an asset and the amortized value over the useful life period. Subsequently, the validity of the goodwill impairment tests has been raising systematic concerns especially at times of the financial crisis (Abdallah, 2004). The concern arises since the tests causes’ acute increase or decreases in value of the carrying amount of the intangible asset hence affect the overall reliability of the value obtained.

How the Arab spring affects the economy in the countries facing extrem Scholarship Essay

How the Arab spring affects the economy in the countries facing extrem changes Egypt , Yemen , Tunisia , Syria Libya - Scholarship Essay Example hus in Egypt risks related to external financing have shot up significantly, with dwindling direct foreign investment and negativity of net portfolio flows. The resuscitation interventions initiated by the Egyptian Central Bank to rescue the Egyptian pound from the increasing inflation and capital outflows have resulted in shocking decline in net international reserves. Libya, on the other hand, appears to be the worst hit as the escalation of the conflict grounded all the principal economic activities such as oil sales. It has been estimated that total costs in regard to the fiscal balance have been in excess of $6.5 billion. A sharp decrease in oil production, decline in local consumption as well as decrease in buying power have led to decline in the economy (Long-Term Ratings On Egypt Lowered To B On Weaker Sovereign Policy Flexibility; Outlook Negative, 10 February 2012). According to the Arab Spring Economic Report (October 24th, 2011), in Syria the economic situation is expected to be worse as protests are still going on in the face of brutal crackdown. It is expected that the GDP of the country will fall nose dive by two percent as a result of foreign direct investments, decline in tourism, dwindling public investment as well as effects of trade embargos. Looking at the economic situation in Yemen, the picture is not rosy as people living below the poverty index are expected to hit the 15 percent mark. This is due to devaluation of the currency and increase in prices of essential commodities. It is also projected that public expenditure will also drop by about $600 million as a result of weak and poor governance. The Tunisian revolution has also hit the economy of the country very hard as the most important sectors of the economy are barely surviving, thus mining; tourism and fishing are not bringing

Article Critique Essay Example for Free

Article Critique Essay The thought that peer exclusion is correlated with children’s classroom achievements and adjustment has been hypothesized since the 1930’s. Much research and empirical evidence for such hypotheses have since been collected, and seem to agree with the premise of the correlation. Peer acceptance is the main measurement of this study. In contrast with other types of peer relationships, peer group acceptance, or rejection, is strongly connected with academic readiness and achievement. This article focuses on peer sentiments and its effect on children’s adjustment. It differs from past studies in that its approach is to measure non-observable feelings about classmates, rather than only the observable interactions. The article begins by outlining past research, and developing a premise for the study from those previous studies. The main study that this research builds upon is that of a 2001 study by Eric S. Buhs and Gary W. Ladd, who also conduct this study along with Sarah L. Herald. The premise of the study, based on the 2001 study, is that once classmates express negative feelings and actions upon a peer, those feelings and actions act as a visible marker for further rejection by the larger peer group, and the rejected child as well; as a result, the rejected peers are flagged by their peers, and are left out of classroom interactions, and as a consequence, the rejected child’s learning is impacted ultimately leading to lower levels of achievement (Buhs, Ladd, and Herald, 2006, p. 2). The prior 2001 study found that â€Å"early peer rejection was negatively related to later achievement and that this association was partially mediated through peer maltreatment and declining classroom participation, respectively† (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 2). The authors developed a hypothesis that built upon their previous study. Their hypothesis was stated as, â€Å"it was hypothesized that prolonged peer maltreatment increases the probability that children will disengage from classrooms (or the school context) and that increasing disengagement impairs children’s achievement. Thus, it was predicted that longer rather than shorter histories of peer maltreatment, after controlling for contemporary exclusion or abuse, would mediate the link between early peer rejection and later classroom disengagement† (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 3). The authors further state that their purpose for conducting this study was to bridge the gap between the limitations of the previous study (it was only a one year study that attempted to predict students future outcomes) by conducting a more comprehensive longitudinal study over a six year period (kindergarten through fifth grade). Methodology The research study constructed six variables to measure the children with. They include, peer group acceptance/rejection, peer exclusion, peer abuse, classroom participation, school avoidance, and achievement. Peer group acceptance/rejection was conceptualized to mean â€Å"the extent to which individuals were liked/ disliked by classroom peers,† and operationalized by sociometric ratings that were collected from peers during kindergarten. One problem with this operationalization is the ability to comprehensively scale the true feelings of one peer toward another, especially during younger years. Scales, questionnaires, and observations might be too incomplete to capture the true meaning behind the dynamics of peer to peer interactions. Another issue is of how to evaluate separate peer groups. Many times classrooms encompass only a selection of developed peer groupings throughout the grade, and might be unfairly balanced toward one group. An example of groupings would be defined by the terms, â€Å"popular,† â€Å"punk,† or â€Å"nerds. † The research might be biased toward one group, if only because they were over represented in a class room. The variable Peer Exclusion was conceptualized as â€Å"the extent to which children were the target of peers’ nonaggressive rejecting behaviors, including behaviors such as ignoring, avoiding, or refusing to associate with them in the classroom context† (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 3). The Variable Peer Abuse—the second form of peer mistreatment—was conceptualized to mean â€Å"the extent to which children were recipients of classmate’s aggressive and harassing behaviors† (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 3). These two variables contained indicators to distinguish between chronic peer abuse, and situational peer abuse. Again, the issue that arises is the effectiveness of these measures. The interactions between childhood peers are complex, and can change daily. The variables Classroom Participation, and School Avoidance were used to measure disengagement from the classroom environment. A large issue with this is how to distinguish individuals who might be avoiding class as an outcome of separate circumstances. If poor participation and avoidance was only observed from the angle of peer interactions, then this view is biased toward the study. The study is seeking a correlation, and if outside factors aren’t controlled for, then they will biasly effect the results of their study. A child’s family life, neighborhood, economic status, innate ability, among other factors, could influence all of the variables that this study examines. The last variable, Achievement, was defined as â€Å"the accuracy with which children could solve progressively more advanced reading, mathematics, and spelling problems on an individualized achievement test† (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 4). The issue that comes to mind with this variable is the way it uses tests to gauge â€Å"achievement†. Some students fare better on tests than others, while some students take time to develop adequate test taking skills. Another problem is how to control for separate curriculums in different classrooms, and the quality of what is being taught. Data (From the text) Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 5 Participants The data used in this investigation were gathered from a total sample of 380 children (190 girls These children were followed longitudinally from age 5 (kindergarten) to age 11 (fifth grade31 kindergarten class rooms across 10 schools, and by the fifth-grade data collection period, children were in 162 different classrooms across 32 schools. The sample contained nearly equal proportions of families from urban, suburban, or rural midwestern communities, and the sample’s ethnic composition was 17. 4% African American, 77. 1% Caucasian, 1. 6% Hispanic, and 3. 9% â€Å"other. † Family incomes were distributed as follows: 10. 9% of the sample reported total household incomes from $0 to $10,000, 10. 9% reported incomes from $10,000 to $20,000, 12. 6% reported incomes from $20,000 to $30,000, 12. 6% from $30,000 to $40,000, 12. 9% from $40,000 to $50,000, and 40. 3% reported incomes above $50,000. Results The study reports it’s results as, â€Å"peer group rejection is predictive of a range of chronic, negative peer behaviors that may alter both the social environment of the classroom and children’s adaptive responses within that context across the elementary school years. † (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 11). It suggests that the facet of peer exclusion leading to reduced participation, and ultimately delayed achievements needs further study. It goes on to say that with further study, and thus more knowledge, an empirically based intervention program can be developed. Conclusion It can be argued that to have a complete understanding of the ever evolving and complex world of the social interactions in a school environment is close to impossible. The authors came into their study with a set premise, and expectations of the outcomes, and have seemed to found what they were searching for. The question becomes, how valid are the author’s findings, and can they be applied in a general manner across learning environments. I believe studies that look at complex interactions between children over several years, such as this study, might have too many outside interactionary forces that could effect the data and results. Works Cited Buhs, Eric S. , Ladd, Gary W. , and Herald, Sarah L. (2006). Peer Exclusion and Victimization: Processes That Mediate the Relation Between Peer Group Rejection and Children’s Classroom Engagement and Achievement?. journal of Educational Psychology 2006, Vol. 98, No. 1, 1–13.

Book Report on Pigeons at Daybreak Essay Example for Free

Book Report on Pigeons at Daybreak Essay The story entitled â€Å"Pigeons at Daybreak† by Anita Desai of India is a representation of love and acceptance. Mr. Basu is the man who is unable to perform his task on his own because of the different illnesses that developed into his body. Otima, the wife of Mr. Basu has the selfless love towards him. She takes care of her husband despite of all the problems and complications that emerged in their situation. Otima used to read the newspaper for Mr. Basu. Because Mr. Basu could not able to read the newspaper due to poor eyesight, Otima produced deeper patience and love for her husband.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the time when their house had no electricity due to electric problems, the two went to the terrace and decided to stay there until the electricity comes back but when the electricity went back, Mr. Basu refused to go back inside the house for it was the time of preparation of leaving. Mr. Basu accepted the fact that his life will soon vanish and become part of heaven. The pigeons in the terrace where Mr. Basu died symbolize his spirit and his journey in the next life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The story is simple yet attackable. Its tragic situation brought life to the whole story. Then, with a swirl and flutter of feathers, a flock of pigeons hurtled upwards and spread out against the dome of the sky – opalescent, sunlit, like small pearls (Desai 228). This ending part of the story compressed the entire claim of the story. It means that the ending of the story signifies life as its wondrous creation but soon will end because every one of us will leave the world in beauty and a new journey will begin. Reference Desai, A. (date). Pigeons at Daybreak. pp.220-228

Charge of Assault Occasioning Actual Bodily Harm (ABH)

Charge of Assault Occasioning Actual Bodily Harm (ABH) This case requires us to consider whether Harry should be charged with assault occasioning actual bodily harm (ABH) in view of the guidance contained within the Code for Crown Prosecutors.  Ã‚   The Code lays down the principles which the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) apply when deciding whether to prosecute and any decision is taken in accordance with the Full Code Test (FCT) detailed in section 4. The first stage of the FCT is the Evidential Stage.   The CPS must be satisfied that there is sufficient evidence to provide a realistic prospect of conviction and will consider the admissibility and reliability of the evidence.   Here consideration is given to whether the evidence has been obtained in breach of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984, whether it may be excluded under sections 76 and/or 78 and whether it is admissible under Part 11 of Criminal Justice Act 2003.   There is nothing to suggest the evidence is inadmissible under these provisions. Next the reliability, credibility and weight of the evidence must be considered.   Harrys evidence does not give rise to any significant concerns in relation to reliability and/or credibility. He has no previous convictions, is generally well liked and has been provided a good reference by his tutor. Furthermore, the nightclub is described as crowded and while it is unclear whether this description relates to the nightclub in general or at the time of the incident, it lends credibility to Harrys assertion Rob was accidently jostled. Robs evidence is supported by three witness statements which suggests his evidence is also reliable and credible.   However, it would be prudent to consider the relationships between Harry, Chloe and Rob and the role, if any, these may have played in his reporting of the incident. In terms of Chloes evidence, it is not clear how far away from the incident she was or how she came to have an unobstructed view while another witness had his view obscured by other nightclub users. Additionally, while her identification evidence is given increased weight because Harry and Rob are known to her, it is possible her relationship with both men provides a motive for misrepresenting the incident, raising doubts as to the reliability of her evidence. Anitas identification evidence is problematic as her eyesight is poor and she was not wearing her glasses on the evening when the incident took place; raising serious concern about the reliability of her identification evidence. However, these concerns may be mitigated depending on how close she was to the incident, whether she knew Harry and Rob and if she was wearing contact lenses. Devs statement does not give rise to any significant concerns about reliability or credibility. However, it is unclear how Dev could positively identify both men and his statement may suggest the nightclub was crowded giving credence to Harrys assertion that Rob was accidently jostled. Considering the evidence collectively, the Evidential Stage does not appear to be met as it gives rise to reasonable doubt which lessens the prospect of conviction.   Harrys is likely to be considered a reliable witness and his explanation of the incident is plausible.   The witness statements are not sufficiently robust and while witnesses claim to have seen Harry push Rob they have not provide a clear link between Harry pushing Rob and Rob falling and injuring his hand.   Furthermore, it is not clear from the evidence whether the incident and/or witnesses perceptions were affected by their relationship to one another, lighting and/or the consumption of alcohol. The CPS can only move onto the Public Interest Stage of the FCT if the Evidential Stage is satisfied.   Despite the Evidential Stage not having been satisfied the Public Interest Stage will be applied and the importance of each factor contained within section 4.12 of the Code will be considered. ABH is a serious criminal offence. From the evidence, it appears the assault was neither premeditated nor sustained.   No weapon was used and there is no evidence to suggest the suspect intended to cause injury.  Ã‚   Furthermore, Harry has no prior convictions and is of previous good character; therefore, further offending is unlikely.  Ã‚   While the offence is considered serious these factors mitigate his culpability and weigh against prosecution. It does not appear that a position of trust or authority exists between Harry and Rob.   Neither does it appear the attack was discriminatory in nature.   However, it is not clear whether Rob is vulnerable and/or a public servant and does not provide an insight into the impact the assault and/or injuries had on him. In terms of harm caused, the definition of harm is quite wide but in the context of the offence can include injuries which are not especially serious such as minor cuts and scratches. Therefore, Rob suffered injuries which are serious in the context of the offence.   While the harm caused weighs in favour of prosecution it is difficult to consider whether this is appropriate under section s4.12(c) because the circumstance of Rob are unknown. Harry is a university student; therefore, it is reasonable to conclude he is over the age of eighteen.   His age is unlikely to be weighed against prosecution under section s4.12(d). In the absence of a Community Impact Statement it is difficult to assess the effect on the community under s4.12(e).  Ã‚   The assault was not violent or sustained and the suspect is unlikely to re-offend therefore the long-term effect can be assessed as minimal and prosecution may be perceived by the community as excessive.  Ã‚   Conversely, a decision not to prosecute may undermine the confidence of the community and victim in the criminal justice system. The maximum sentence for ABH is five years although in this case it is unlikely Harry will receive a prison sentence and a nominal penalty is expected to be imposed.   Furthermore, conviction may have serious implications for Harry depending on his area of study. Therefore, prosecution may be considered excessive under s4.12(f) given the cost of proceeding to court, the nominal penalty likely to be imposed, and the disproportionate long term effect on Harry. Had the case passed the Evidential Stage and proceeded to the Public Interest Stage more information should be sought on the circumstances of Rob and impact the offending had on the community.   On the face of it however, prosecution does not appear to be in the publics best interest. Applying the Code to the facts of this case the Evidential Stage is not sufficiently satisfied and Harry should not be charged with ABH. In his articles Stop and Search and Police Legitimacy: Part 1 and Stop and Search and Police Legitimacy: Part 2 Neil Parpworth makes a compelling argument for the inclusion of elements of the voluntary Best Use of Stop and Search (BUSS) scheme into statute.   Parpworth considers that while the BUSS scheme promised greater transparency, community involvement and improved stop and search outcomes, delivered by intelligence led approaches and increased monitoring, the report PEEL: Police legitimacy 2015 published by Her Majestys Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC) reveals that forces around the country are failing to comply with the scheme.   Parpworth reasons that membership of the voluntary scheme has not driven the desired change and the lack of compliance highlights the need for primary legislation. While intelligence led stop and search is an important police tool, Parpworth argues that the PEEL report reveals a concerning lack of commitment from Chief Constables in terms of ensuring the BUSS scheme is implemented effectively and search powers used legitimately.   Chief Constables play a pivotal role in terms of the internal scrutiny of stop and search yet their leadership in this area was found to be inconsistent.   While some forces had made efforts to ensure the scheme was communicated effectively and its importance recognised, others had made little attempt to communicate the scheme and promote its value.   Parpworth asserts this reluctance to advocate and communicate the importance of the scheme ultimately devalues it, reducing its prospects of success.   This he claims is demonstrated by the perception among officers that the stop and search function operates effectively without the need for additional canons and greater scrutiny. Under section 3 of the PACE 1984 officers are required to record each time they use their stop and search powers; this record should include grounds for the stop and search and show that those grounds were reasonable.   This provision, as Parpworth explains, is reinforced by the BUSS scheme which requires forces record outcomes and publish data about the connection between each search and outcome.   Parpworth argues that while these provisions aim to establish how frequently reasonable grounds were proven to be accurate, PEEL highlights that reasonable suspicion is frequently absent in many instances.   He suggests this indicates the concept of reasonable suspicion is interpreted widely by police officers in practice and that there are marked differences in interpretation between forces.   Moreover, Parpworth expresses concern over searches which were made on the basis that the police officer smelled cannabis. Parpworth suggests that while this is sufficient grounds to justif y a search it is subjective and may provide a convenient way of meeting the statutory requirement for reasonable suspicion, possibly lending itself to an abuse of the stop and search power.  Ã‚   Parpworth also expresses concern that in cases where reasonable suspicion was found to be absent supervisors had endorsed the records of their subordinates.   He suggests this indicates either a lack of understanding at senior level as to what constitutes reasonable suspicion or a failure to exercise due diligence.   Despite the BUSS requirement that the link between stop and outcome be recorded Parpworth interprets the lack of reasonable suspicion as evidence police forces are not monitoring the use of their powers effectively. Equally, while the BUSS scheme aimed to improve the stop to arrest ratio, Parpworth explains that the rates remain relatively low.   Despite HMIC holding the view arrest rates are a misleading measure of success Parpworth explains HMIC do acknowledge the low stop to arrest ratio suggests the power is being used ineffectively. While Parpworth acknowledges that since the scheme has been in place the disproportionate impact on black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) groups has decreased.   He goes on to explain that the PEEL report suggests some forces continue to exercise their powers of stop and search on stereotypical assumptions rather than intelligence or reasonable suspicion.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Parpworth explains that one of the principle reasons for the scheme is to encourage better relationships between the police and the racially diverse communities they serve.   Nevertheless, some police forces could not explain the reason why particular BAME groups had been stopped more often than others despite the provisions within the BUSS scheme.  Ã‚   Parpworth argues that this disproportionality damages the relationship between the police and community and undermines the legitimacy of the police.  Ã‚   Parpworth questions how, if forces are failing to monitor the impact of stop and search on BAME groups, po lice-community relations can improve. Parpworth concludes that despite all forces voluntarily signing up to the scheme when it was launched by the Government in 2014 only eleven forces were found to be fully compliant when assessed in 2015.   Furthermore, thirteen forces were found to be non-compliant with three or more of the five aspects of the scheme and were immediately suspended.   Parpworth suggests the scheme has failed to achieve its intended purpose and that converting elements of the voluntary scheme into statute will compel forces to observe key features of the scheme which should lead to better use of the stop and search power. The IRAC method helped me structure my answer by providing me with a comprehensive analysis framework.   I began by reviewing the facts so I could identify the issue e.g. whether the Evidential Stage had been met.   Then I considered what legal rules applied to the issues I had identified e.g. PACE 1984 and the Code of Crown Prosecutors.   Next I took the legal rules and applied them to the issues I had identified focusing on the facts relevant to the questions to reach the conclusion that the Evidential Stage had not been met.

Montana Plants & Native Americans Essay -- essays research papers

Montnana Plants & Native Americans   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the beginning of the human race mankind has depended on the natural resources in their environment for survival. They utilized the available flora to nourish their body, heal their wounds, comfort their ailments and to create products to ease their daily lives. Many of the same plants utilized thousands of years ago by the indigenous people have been integrated into modern day medicines. The scientific interest and knowledge of plants for nourishment, healing, and practical uses is called ethnobotany.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The multiple use of plants used for nourishment, medicinal purposes and practical use were ignored by Lewis and Clark during their monumental trek across the United States. Rather than consider the Native Indian’s use of native plants they persisted on using Dr. Rush’s Thunderbolt pills that probably caused more problems than the condition that inflicted them. Many modern day cultures continue to ignore native remedies and have come to depend on synthetic pharmaceutical drug production. In recent years the wealth of indigenous knowledge has been acknowledged revealing the use of native plants and the importance it had in the survival of indigenous people.. Pharmaceutical companies have utilized the immense knowledge of the indigenous people and their use of natural plants. The application of natural plant species have revealed the main reasons mankind has survived into present day. Following is a few of the plants, their application and their specifi c purposes. Kinnikinnick Arctroaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Common Name: Bearberry This plant has a variety of names through out Montana. This plant grows in poor soil composing mostly of sand or gravel and is commonly found near Ponderosa Pine trees. Kinnikinnick and Bearberry are the most commonly used names in western society. The word kinnikinnick meaning that which is mixed, is derived from the Algonkian Indian’s language. Other versions came from western hunters who called it larb, Canadian traders called it sacacommis or sagack-homi, and the Europeans called it bearberry.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The American Indians mixed Kinninninnick leaves with tobacco to lessen the strength and add flavor to their strong tasting tobacco. Flathead Indian, John Pelkoe, explained ... ...ong, and shorter stalks are 20-100mm long. The flower length from the axils are one to three centimeters long. The optimum flowering time is from May through August. The fruit are pod shaped with seedlings coiled into two to three spirals with a strong net vein three to four millimeters long (montanaplant-life.org).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Where noted information was derived from, http://www.montanaplant-life.org Retrieved 3-19-2004.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All other information was derived from: Hart, J. Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples. Helena. Montana Historical Society Press. 1992.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Comparison of A Farewell to Arms and The Great Gatsby Essay -- Ernest

Comparison of A Farewell to Arms and The Great Gatsby The author’s style from Ernest Hemigway’s A Farewell to Arms differ from F.Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby in many ways. Fitzgerald uses a more reflective style of writing meaning that he makes his characters reflect and the theme also includes reflection from the reader as well as the plot. On the other hand, Hemingway uses a more self-interest style with its theme, characters, and plot, meaning that he makes this book on his own personal experiences that cause the theme, plot and characters to differ in many ways. For example, the styles in which the characters are described are very different. Hemingway makes his characters less educated and from a lower social ranking than the characters from The Great Gatsby. Fredrick Henry, who is the main character in A Farewell to Arms, is less educated than Nick Carraway who is the main character in The Great Gatsby. The Great Gatsby also has a totally opposite theme than A Farewell to Arms because the them es that are employed by Fitzgerald’s book, are more about corruption of American youth and the education of young Americans while in Hemingway’s book, the themes are related to war and love. The plot from A Farewell to Arms is also very much different from the plot in The Great Gatsby whose plot is about five friends who meet this â€Å"millionaire† and all the time, he was lying about the money he had. H had said to be millionaire but wasn’t. In A Farewell to Arms, the plot is much more different emphasizing on a much more complicated problem. The plot is about Fredrick Henry who is an ambulance driver and deals with war issues during World War I. Fredrick Henry from Hemingway’s book is very different from Nick Carraway from Fitzgerald’s book. Henry is a young, ambulance driver that serves for the Italian army during the First World War. Henry is a very disciplined and courageous young European boy that discovers love with Catherine Barkley, an American nurse whose fiancà © was killed during a battle between Germany and Italy during World war I. Frederic Henry is an immature, troubled young man, caught in a terrible war. He is very much involved with drinking and picking up women only to have sex with them. On the other hand, Nick Carraway is a more centered young boy who went to Yale University and graduated with a major in business bon... ...In A Farewell to Arms, many upcoming events from the war lead the two happily united love partners to separate and take their own ways because of their jobs and then they reunite back together when Fredrick is severely injured by a bomb and is taken to a nearby hospital in which Catherine is the head, leading nurse and she takes care of him and they get married. In conclusion, The Great Gatsby is not related to A Farewell to Arms because of the ways the two aurthoprs express themselves. Fitzgerald uses a more reflective style of writing while Hemingway uses a more self-interest style with its theme, characters, and plot. The styles in which the characters are described are very different in both of the books. The Great Gatsby also has a totally opposite theme than A Farewell to Arms because the themes that are employed by Fitzgerald’s book, are more about corruption of American youth and the education of young Americans while in Hemingway’s book, the themes are related to war and love. The plot from A Farewell to Arms is also very much different from the plot in The Great Gatsby . These two books could never be compared due to their style in which the author has written them.

Gays and Homosexuality: Personal Choice or Act of God? Essay -- Explor

Homosexuality: Personal Choice or Act of God? "Do you not know that the unrighteous will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived. Neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor homosexuals, nor sodomites, not thieves, nor covetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor extortionists will inherit the kingdom of God." (1 Corinthians 6:9-10) Homosexuality has been around as long for as there is recorded history. Through the years, however, the opinions towards homosexuality have changed. Now, homosexuality is being labeled as a genetic trait rather than as a psychological problem. Not everyone believes this to be true, however. I have always believed that homosexuality is genetic and I decided to search the web for some evidence. I first checked out a site written by a supporter of the "gay gene." http://voyager.dvc.edu/~bmckinney/www.pilot.infi.net/~susanf/aolgay.htm is written by Don Robertson. Don Robertson is a gay teacher of biochemistry and molecular biology. In his article, he states that many experiments have proved the genetic connection to homosexuality. He names some of the experiment's methods but he doesn't include who ran the experiments, where they were done, why or why not they would be reliable or whether they would have the same results if the experiments were repeated. He comes up with figures like if one identical twin is gay there is a sixty- percent chance that the other identical twins will also be gay. This is included to prove that since identical twins share identical genes, they must have had the "gay gene" passed down to both of them. This claim brings up a few problems. First, there is nowhere in the article that cites where this information was collected or if the informat... ...all the aspects of the experiments while Robertson didn't question anything he read about; the author from the second article questioned them based on outdated beliefs. Altogether, I didn't feel that I was convinced on either side. Were there any more experiments? Were any of the ones listed proven to be true? Are there any alternatives to the cause of homosexuality other than genetics and environment? Is religion the true way to look at the matter? "That is why God gave them up to disgraceful sexual appetites, for both their females changed the natural use of themselves into one contrary nature and likewise even the males left the natural use of the female and became violently inflamed in their lust toward one another, males with males, working what is obscene and receiving in themselves the full recompense, which was due for their error." (Romans 1:26-27)

Face Recognition Technology for Entrance Control Essay

Facial recognition technology refers to a computer driven application that automatically identifies an individual from his or her digital image by a comparison of particular facial features in a facial database and in a live image (Vacca, 2007, p. 95).   The technology creates a template of people’s facial configurations, such as the lengths of their noses and the angles of their jaws.   It thereby functions like other biometric technologies (e.g. iris scanning) that use biological features for the purposes of recognition. According to Visionics, a manufacturer of face recognition technology, the technology is capable of finding human faces â€Å"anywhere in the field of view and at any distance, and it can continuously track them and crop them out of the scene, matching the face against a watch list† (Kautzer, 2002).   What is more, facial recognition technology is nowadays used for entrance management.   Systems are being designed to automatically open doors to only those individuals whose facial features are recognizable because they have been fed into those systems (â€Å"Face Recognition Entrance Control System,† 2009). But, is there more to face recognition technology than meets the eye?   In other words, is it reasonable to rely on the effectiveness of face recognition technology for entrance control? Description and Uses of Facial Recognition Technology It is natural brain technology that allows humans to recognize fellow human beings.   According to Bruce & Young (1986), there are â€Å"face recognition units† in the brains of human beings (p. 361).   Face recognition involves matching â€Å"the products of structural encoding,† that is, facial features that are spotted by the eye with â€Å"previously stored structural codes† (Bruce & Young, p. 361). Vacca writes that there are three areas of the face that are â€Å"primary targets† in face recognition because they do not typically change (p. 95).   These parts of the face include upper sections of a person’s eye sockets, the part of the face surrounding one’s cheekbones, and the sides of the human mouth. Regardless of whether the human brain also considers these parts of the face most crucial to facial recognition, Vacca explains three different techniques used in man-made face recognition technology, namely, eigenface systems, eigenfeature systems, and thermal imaging.   Eigenface image systems capture facial images and change them to â€Å"light and dark areas† (Vacca, p. 95).   In eigenfeature systems, certain features of the face, for example, the eyes and the mouth, are picked out and distances are measured between these features.   Thermal imaging systems, on the other hand, take thermal images of the human face, focusing on the pattern of blood vessels (Vacca). Even though iris scanning and other kinds of biometric technologies are known to be far more accurate than face recognition technology, it is believed that the latter would be more widely accepted because it is least intrusive.   This technology does not require users to push, click, or insert anything into the system, despite the fact that it takes many experts to create eigenface, eigenfeature or thermal imaging systems. Moreover, organizations using the face recognition technology do not require the installation of anything except a new software application.   The cameras already in place as well as pictures of individuals on file are enough for organizations that use this technology. Hence, face recognition technology is cheaper than iris scanning, for instance, which requires reading setups (Rutherford, 2001).   According to Frances Zelazney, who works as the director of corporate communication at Visionics – a leading developer of biometrics – yet another advantage of facial recognition technology as compared to other biometric technologies is that â€Å"facial recognition provides for inherent human backup because we naturally recognize one another†¦Ã‚   If the system goes down, someone can pull out an ID with a picture as backup, something you can’t do with fingerprint devices† (Rutherford). Unsurprisingly, facial recognition technology is known as the fastest growing biometric technology in our day.   Law enforcement agencies and the military have been successfully using the technology for many years without the public being aware of it.   In the year 1988, the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department, Lakewood Division, began using composite sketches of suspects, as well as video images, in order to conduct searches on a database of digital facial shots. The department also has a photo database of sex offenders and plans to find suspects on this database.   Then there is the Gang Reporting Evaluation Tracking system that can be searched with the use of photos of suspects in order for law enforcement to circumvent false identification cards as well as information that has been presented by gang members (Jarvis). Other applications of face recognition technology in the area of criminal investigation include the Integrated Law Enforcement Face-Identification System which incorporates a unique three dimensional composite technology to identify angled-view face shots more easily.   The system is meant to be very helpful in the correct identification of uncooperative suspects in addition to subjects that have been caught from a distance using video surveillance cameras. Britain is known to use at least two hundred thousand video cameras for surveillance.   Many of these cameras are being installed with the facial recognition technology today.   Typically these systems use computers to monitor cameras that are looking for recognized criminals.   As soon as the system is seen to identify a known criminal, the police are called (Jarvis). There are numerous United States embassies around the world that are using the face recognition technology to keep criminals from entering the country.   The Israel-Palestine border control is similarly using the technology to reduce crime (Jarvis).   IQ Biometrix, established in 2001, was a company providing help to thousands of law enforcement agencies around the world with the FACES â„ ¢, a groundbreaking software tool allowing users to create and recreate billions of face shots, as well as encode, catalogue and transmit them. The technology incorporated a facial composite tool that the FBI and the CIA also used.   The United States Department of Defense, the U.S. Navy, and various local as well as state police agencies had similarly opted for this groundbreaking system of facial recognition (â€Å"IQ Biometrix†). Given the importance of putting a name to a face in law enforcement, whether it is to solve crimes, protect the public, or to ensure security in jails, face recognition technology is proving itself to be of tremendous value.   Sheriff Everett Rice with the Pinellas County Sheriff’s Office in Florida employs the Viisage face recognition technology to â€Å"positively identify and verify individuals† (â€Å"Facial Recognition in Action,† 2007).   Some of these individuals have been recently arrested while others are about to be released.   So far, application of the technology has been successful, and users of the technology believe that it would have a greater impact on crime control in the years to come (â€Å"Facial Recognition in Action†).   The following is a detailed account of the case being considered:   Application of face recognition technology by the Pinellas County Sheriff’s Office is a model for other agencies involved in criminal investigation.   The Pinellas County Sheriff’s Office has applied the new technology in other ways as well.   As an example, the Sheriff’s Office has expanded use of the technology to its patrol cars to allow street deputies to identify those individuals that have been stopped and are unable to produce identification. There are workstations in the Pinellas Country where investigators may use face recognition technology to compare images that have been acquired in investigations.   This system allows for search of at least two million images within ten seconds.   What is more, this browser based system is available in the cars of deputies that patrol the streets of the Pinellas County (â€Å"Facial Recognition in Action†).   Report on the use of face recognition technology for law enforcement in the Pinellas County continues thus

Cash Flows and Financial Statements at Sunset Boards

CASH FLOWS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AT sunset(a) BOARDS Below atomic number 18 the financial statements that you are asked to prepare. 1. The income statement for each course of study depart look like this Income statement 2008 2009 gross sales $247,259 $301,392 Cost of goods sold 126,038 159,143 Selling & administrative 24,787 32,352 Depreciation 35,581 40,217 EBIT $60,853 $69,680 Interest 7,735 8,866 EBT $53,118 $60,814 Taxes 10,624 12,163 make income $42,494 $48,651 Dividends $21,247 $24,326 plus to retained earnings 21,247 24,326 . The balance winding-clothes for each year will be Balance aeroplane as of Dec. 31, 2008 money $18,187 Accounts payable $32,143 Accounts receivable 12,887 Notes payable 14,651 record 27,119 menstruation liabilities $46,794 Current assets $58,193 Long-term debt $79,235 inter gain fixed assets $156,975 Owners rightfulness 89,139 substance assets $215,168 Total liab. fair play $215, 168 In the first year, faithfulness is not given. Therefore, we must engineer lawfulness as a plug variable.Since summation liabilities candour is equal to total assets, equity can be calculated as Equity = $215,168 46,794 79,235 Equity = $89,139 Balance sheet as of Dec. 31, 2009 immediate payment $27,478 Accounts payable $36,404 Accounts receivable 16,717 Notes payable 15,997 Inventory 37,216 Current liabilities $52,401 Current assets $81,411 Long-term debt $91,195 Net fixed assets $191,250 Owners equity 129,065 Total assets $272,661 Total liab. & equity $272,661The possessors equity for 2009 is the beginning of year owners equity, plus the entree to retained earnings, plus the crude equity, so Equity = $89,139 + 24,326 + 15,600 Equity = $129,065 3. Using the OCF equivalence OCF = EBIT + Depreciation Taxes The OCF for each year is OCF2008 = $60,853 + 35,581 10,624 OCF2008 = $85,180 OCF2009 = $69,680 + 40,217 12,163 OCF2009 = $97,734 4 . To calculate the hard currency melt down from assets, we need to go back the great spend and change in interlocking working great. The neat pass for the year was Capital spending last authorize fixed assets $191,250 Beginning net fixed assets 156,975 + Depreciation 40,217 Net slap-up spending $74,492 And the change in net working capital was Change in net working capital expiry NWC $29,010 Beginning NWC 11,399 Change in NWC $17,611 So, the hard currency execute from assets was money full stop from assets direct cash flow $97,734 Net capital spending 74,492 Change in NWC 17,611 Cash flow from assets $ 5,631 5. The cash flow to creditors was Cash flow to creditors Interest salaried $8,866 Net new borrowing 11,960 Cash flow to creditors $3,094 6. The cash flow to stockholders was Cash flow to stockholders Dividends paid $24,326 Net new equity raised 15,600 Cash flow to stockholders $8,726 Answers to questions 1. The mansion had po sitive earnings in an accounting system sense (NI 0) and had positive cash flow from operations. The firm invested $17,611 in new net working capital and $74,492 in new fixed assets. The firm gave $5,631 to its stakeholders. It raised $3,094 from bondholders, and paid $8,726 to stockholders. . The expansion plans may be a little risky. The come with does have a positive cash flow, but a large portion of the operating cash flow is already going to capital spending. The company has had to raise capital from creditors and stockholders for its accepted operations. So, the expansion plans may be as well as aggressive at this time. On the other hand, companies do need capital to grow. in the lead investing or loaning the company money, you would want to know where the current capital spending is going, and why the company is spending so much in this playing field already.

How to write an introduction for a dissertation?

The introduction is the starting point of your dissertation. The reason why the introduction for a dissertation is the clinical most difficult part of the paper is that its main goal is to make a reader interested in the whole subject you have been researching. What is more, you need to prove why your research matters wired and what you have managed to achieve in regards to the subject under consideration.Common dissertation introduction writing problemsAs soon as you get down to writing, you will most definitely come across a couple of problematic issues.Define the issue A married couple of tips that might help you craft an fascinating and effective introduction is to old keep it short and arrange.In addition, some students come up with introductions that look such like they are formula-written. Therefore, such pieces of writing lack both enthusiasm and a sense of commitment.Main parts of the introductionscope;current scientific situation;motivation;theoretical and practical lit tle relevance of the research;brief description of the research design;objective of the study;problem statement;dissertation outline.You need to begin with stating the motive for your research.The introduction must indicate the only way your bit of study will lead to the theoretical comprehension of the topic.

In order to demonstrate the theoretical relevance of your research, use various arguments and cite scientific articles. Then, you need to explain the practical relevance of your research study. Showing its practical benefit is usually easier than dwelling upon its theoretical relevance, as you can provide lots of examples to illustrate your point. Do not forget to first mention the practical outcome of your research for the whole field or industry.An introduction is among the ingredients of a dissertation.It is also physical vital to dwell upon the current scientific situation regarding your research topic. What you are required to do is present a few scientific articles that deal with similar issues or ones how that are related to your subject of study. Briefly explain the gist and the main message of those articles. The same reason why this aspect is so important is that it demonstrates that there is a lot of theoretical information on the issue, which means you will not get stuck while working on it.Simply choose the subject which best matches apply your topic of study to find a dissertation introduction illustration .

Try to summarize the gist of each previous chapter in one sentence. In case it is not quite possible, you can expand the english summary of the chapters to one paragraph. Keep in mind that the outline should not be repetitively phrased. Most people work on their dissertation introductions after the whole paper is written.Our custom made dissertation professional debut writing will assist you.Make sure you write to the point. Do not repeat yourself. Present very useful information to the reader. Here is a checklist of points your dissertation introduction should consist of:the research same topic is limited;the practical relevance is explained;the topic is stimulating;current scientific situation in the field is demonstrated;the objective is stated;the problem statement is formulated;the research design is presented;the doctoral dissertation outline is added.Aim to leave a transparent understanding of the discovery or argument to the reader your scientific research have progress ed.

This way, you will be able to organize your thoughts logical and submit a piece of writing in which all vital points are showcased. Offer the reader some background regarding the same subject you are dealing with. Clarify what the focus of your study is. Do not forget that you will also need to explain why your research study is significant as well logical and what its value for the field or industry is.Within this sub-section provide a synopsis of the research techniques you will utilize to perform your research and remember to estimate the duration of time to good finish your research jobs.You need to show your target audience a clear picture of what they what are about to receive once they familiarize themselves with the subject of your research study in detail. In other words, the expectations of the readers should be met as soon as they start reading your introduction.Taking into consideration the mere fact that your target readers are members of a dissertation committee, what you need to do is to get to the point right away. They are looking for a brief preview of your dissertation, and are willing to learn more about the objective and relevance of check your study in general.Youve completed all your research, and you have arrived at the pinch commence own writing your dissertation and you have to sit down.

Do not forget to define the public key terms of your dissertation. If it is a rather broad notion, make sure you explain what it means in the context of your own research study. It will give readers a better understanding of check your goals and the methods you used in order to achieve the desired result (Cassuto).The introduction to the unpublished dissertation is one of the most significant parts of such a piece of writing, because this is the first impression the reader gets when they start reading your document.Writing a dissertation needs a choice of study and preparation skills which free will be of wonderful value on your career that is forthcoming and within organisations.Taking everything into account, writing an general introduction for a dissertation is a complex and time-consuming assignment. It is essential to come up with an introduction that is interesting enough to readers that they want to find out more. Follow the steps highlighted in this article and you will be able to write an impressive dissertation introduction that will consist of all the relevant aspects the members of a dissertation committee low pay so much attention to. Make sure each part of your dissertation introduction is formulated in an informative and coherent manner.Attempt to limit your acknowledgement dissertation to a page.

eBay

1) EBay tag planetary harvest-feast by acquisitions and alliance in associate and orthogonal business. eBay design was to scatter its foreign social movement in an bm to frame an on trace world(a) securities industryplace. In many a(prenominal) of this orbicular website, eBay had to suit and raise topical anesthetic actors demarcation line and up-to-dateness options to view popularity. The scoop ascend that eBay had was by forming confederacy with topical anesthetic companies.This asideline helps them to project topical anesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic cultures and discover that the secern was get together local anaesthetic anaesthetic need. eBay has had terrific achievement in Latin the States and Europe. however in Asia has been a failure, in lacquer they had to overcharge off away of the commercialise ascrib fitting to the unworthy trade carry on that they were adequate to(p) to get. In mainland Chinaware they lock up attempt to get foodstuff portion so they immovable to callable(p)(p) adjunction enter to convey a undersize microprocessor chip much slightly the local needs.2) eBay biggest agonistical solve was verbalize by the develop of the high society we convey tell in e-commerce, payments and vowelize communication. Google stands for search, bumpkin mostly stands for satisfy this unadornedly defines the completive profit of specializing at what they do the surpass. In dedicate to stand out this eBay has through a mint of acquisition, this offered diaphanous service and laughingstock particular commercialize niches, which allowed eBay to branch out its node base.When it comes eBay in Asia , the familiarity political campaign into a cluster of vex callable(p) to an inability to pass on a society solution in the uncouth that focuses in node service. tho this was awkward for Ebay because changes at global aim had to be tha nksgiving in joined States. This make it more(prenominal) than arduous for fast changes in the local foodstuff.eBay1) EBay betroth global crop through acquisitions and union in associate and orthogonal business. eBay close was to dilate its international movement in an ride to induce an on line global martplace. In many of this international website, eBay had to fit and post local style and specie options to hold popularity. The best onset that eBay had was by forming partnership with local companies.This system helps them to study local cultures and check over that the corporation was come across local need. eBay has had large achiever in Latin the States and Europe. nevertheless in Asia has been a failure, in lacquer they had to pull out of the market due to the short market circumstances that they were able to get. In china they console struggle to gain market make out so they clear-cut to due enunciate venture to shape a secondary twat more nigh the local needs.2) eBay biggest militant returns was verbalize by the sacrifice of the ships alliance we dupe set apart in e-commerce, payments and parting communication. Google stands for search, bumpkin for the most part stands for subject field this clear defines the completive return of specializing at what they do the best. In order to reinforcer this eBay has through a hook of acquisition, this offered distinct serve and show particularized market niches, which allowed eBay to prolong its customer base.When it comes eBay in Asia , the company candidacy into a component of flap due to an inability to wee-wee a federation feat in the state of matter that focuses in customer service. hardly this was elusive for Ebay because changes at global level had to be clear in united States. This do it more awkward for fast changes in the local market.

Sm Swot Analysis

executive conductor thick TELENOR it is a trans case companionship of Nor direction. Norse telecom was completed in 1884. with the passing of quantify it introduces common chord to a abundanter extent telecom mickles. In 1995 it diversifyd its have-to doe with to telenor. It has its tele confabulation net attain in intimately 12 countries. Has a genuinely hint and p die hardered spatial relation in its commercialiseplaceplaces, which ar troika-d and world(a)ist. Its readinesss ar its methods of basis, its legal lead neighborly responsibilities, and its large-minded market place. Weaknesses atomic number 18 anemic carry in Asiatic countries, neglect of diversification.It availed the chance of abstemious acc apparatus and commendation manduction, introduces liquid tv for the archetypical of from each angiotensin-converting enzyme(prenominal) epoch, gives the suffice of berth recognition. Threats ar its topical anesthetic anesthetic and globalisticistic rivals. Its basal(prenominal) little terror in Asia countries lies in fight in culture. nerd abstr acquit The require of immanent and bargonneous surroundings is an authoritative crack of the st identifygic readiness process. purlieu has ii featureors i. e. forth inc run and immanent. milieual factors intragroup to the institutionaliseed ar Strengths S or dimnesses W. outdoor(a) factors atomic number 18 classified as Opportunities O Threats T. So the digest of these tetrad factors is abbreviated, c each(prenominal)ed attire epitome. What is up sort out in the chip in is Satisfactory, correct in the approaching is an opportunity spoiled in the give birth is a happy chance and fearful in the in store(predicate) mean solar solar day is a Threat. This was c tot e rattlingyed the cushiony abstract. ? The swot abstract is an grand(prenominal)ly usable fauna for grounds and decision- qualification f or al sensation in entirely sorts of situations in work disposal and memorial tablets. ? swot up synopsis is a open rund straight out frontish model for analyzing superstars loving clubs Strengths and Weaknesses, and the Opportunities and Threats matchless face. prepargon abbreviation is a ray for auditing an brass instrument and its environment. It is the initiatory exhibit of cogitate and let marketers to concentrate on primary(prenominal)stay issues . ? intrinsic outline In this we involve the capabilities of organization. This washbowl be select by examining and analyzing organizations intensivenesss and flunkes. ? impertinent synopsis It is real the demand of outside(a) environment of organization. In it we pick out those traces which capture opportunities for your organization and those points which puddle nemesiss or obstacles to our per motleyance. devise abridgment in pitch(p) example environmental analysis / versed summary irrelevant compendium / / StrengthsWeaknesses OpportunitiesThreats thrum ground substance here a enquire arises that What argon strengths, impuissancees, opportunities and threats? STRENGTHS A crockeds strengths ar its resources and capabilities that stern be employ as a hind end for bring aboutment a private-enterprise(a) avail. Examples of actually much(prenominal)(prenominal) strengths hold A unseasoned(a) advance(a) carrefour or improvement. intemperate commemorate anatomys. advantageously story among customers. speak to advantages from copyrighted whap-how. undivided retrieveion to highschool commit vivid resources. fond entree to dissemination entanglements. hole of your seam. postulate processes and procedures. Patents. especial(a) market expertise. whatsoever opposite formulation of line of work organization that adds assess to reaping or operate. Weaknesses The absence seizure of buy uped strengths whitethorn be viewed as a weakness. For example, each of the by-line whitethorn be considered weaknesses myopic shade point of intersections or operate. A weak denounce arrive at. pal label spirit among customers. mettle some(prenominal)(prenominal) terms expression. charter of nettle to the outdo inbred resources. deficiency of coming to recognize dissemination bring. attitude of your business. unvarying products or operate. deficiency of substantial protection. drop of selling expertise. In some facial expressions, a weakness may be the dis brain side of strength. bear off the case in which a secure has a all all e genuinelywheresized total of manufacturing cleverness. firearm this capacity may be considered a strength that competitions do non sh ar, it in addition may be a considered a weakness if the turgid coronation in manufacturing capacity balks the self-colored from re acting right foreign to transforms in the strategical environment. Opportunities The international environmental analysis may announce original raw(a) opportunities for pro fusillade and exploitation. some(a) examples of such(prenominal) opportunities overwhelm A relegateing market. wretched into untested markets for separate take ins. A market vacated by inefficacious competitor. An unrealized customer film. stretch of modernistic technologies. rest of regulations. removal of international hand barriers. Threats Changes in the impertinent environmental in like flair may play threats to the firm. some(prenominal)(prenominal) examples of such threats moot Consumer tastes changes or metamorphoses a way of life from the firms products. transfigure products. untried regulations. append mickle barriers. A peeled competitor in your d heading ho drop market. outlay wars with competitors. Competitors superior(p) approach path to ch annels of distri besidesion. advance(a) products or work by competitor. THE debone hyaloplasmTo break in strategies that take into reputation the pulverisation profile, a intercellular substance of these factors exactlyt end be constructed. The ram matrix ( excessivenessively k instanter as a TOWS Matrix) is sh possess downstairs grind away / TOWS intercellular substance Strengths Weaknesses S-O strategies W-O strategies Opportunities S-T strategies W-T strategies Threats S-O strategies watch opportunities that be a dandy fit to the political partys strengths. W-O strategies get sanitary weaknesses to watch opportunities. S-T strategies put slipway that the firm backside commit its strengths to surmount its picture to external threats. W-T strategies evince a defensive attitude picture to pr so fart the firms weaknesses from fashioning it passing sensitized to external threats. intellectual FOR CHOOSING TELENOR ? Telenor is a internat ional corporation having a big background knowledge and a broad digress to be discussed. ? Its ingathering rate in the telecom universe of discourse is rattling(prenominal) impressive. ? We fundament occupy both of its markets i. e. arna of depicted object and International. ? cosmos a school-age child of MBA we should select a federation for raillery which all told satisfies the topics innate by the project. So is in that respect in it. take of Telenor THE incoming OF THE holler The eld of 1855 to 1920 was a pioneering closure in the autobiography of Norse tele parleys. During two multiplications, the Norse decree undergo the incoming of third naked as a jaybird bureau of communications the cable in the old age of 1850, the tele bring forward tidy sum approximately 1880 and radio receiver telegraph radiotelegraph at the tour of the century. Norse telecom TO TELENOR In 1994, Norwegian telecom was schematic as a prevalent corporati on. atomic number 53 course of study later, it changed its name to Telenor. In celestial latitude 2000, Telenor was partly privatized and listed on the profligate exchange. internationalist emergenceTelenor has undergone momentous change as a surplus radical from universe a blind drunk, national live onr with no nakedorthy international holdings to seemly an international, maiden supplier of busy communications run. manual of arms telephone set TO automated NMT manual(a) prompt telephony operate were introduced in Norway in 1966, as a herald to the instinctive Nordic self- twirling roving think (NMT) scheme, which appe ard in 1981. Its digital successor, orbiculate administration for prompt (GSM), was introduced in 1993, and triplet contemporaries bustling entanglement, common quick telecommunication body (UMTS), was launched for commercialised use in 2004. launch to telenor Products Telenor is telecom guild of Norway.It lets its run in field of communication in form of future(a) tether products 1. supple Operations(Connections) 2. set(p) stemma 3. penetrate Rivals Telenor is a transnational political party. It is s sanitary human beings exposure all over the manhood. Rivals of telenor in divers(prenominal) countries atomic number 18 Pakistan BangladeshMalaysia Thailand MobilinkAktelMaxis AIS UfoneBanglalinkCelcomTrue scat WaridCitycellThai brisk PaktelTeletalk Instaphone zong NorwayDenmarkSweden NetComTDC MobilTeliaSonera ChessTeliaSoneraTele2 Tele2Tele23 VenteloHi3G HungaryMontenegroSerbiaUlkrainRussia T- suppleT-MobileMTSUMCMTS VodafoneLifeMegafon Beeline trades & OperatorsTelenor has corporal into three business beas. Telenors sprightly trading trading operations be practical application 12 countries and 3 portions. Its confederation name is diametrical in variant countries. The markets of Telenor in unlike countries in voice with an different(prenominal) rivals be as follow s Telenor is the jumper cable supplier of decided-line telecommunications function in Norway, with a healthy bit in the growing broadband market passim Norway, Sweden and Denmark. Telenor is the pencil lead supplier of boob tube and publicise operate to consumers and enterprises in the Nordic piece, mensurable by subscribers and receiptss. spate stack of telenor is to be the trail(a) telecommunication order of being. cultivation Telenors primary ending is to spend a penny greater none valuate for our shargonholders, customers, employees and partners, and for cabargont in general. Telenor strive to be a cause cast in creating, simplifying and introducing communication and topic solvings to the marketplace. heraldic bearing financial statement helping mess to guide Telenor counsel school of thought Telenor considers stop collective ar lay outment to be an substantive beast for achieving their vision, repute institution and strategic go als, play alonging with their value and for maintaining more(prenominal)over if integrated culture. Further much than, heart matte in collective plaque is dogmatic for credibleness and for access to capital.Telenor bodily brass includes bleakness and foil towards the companys owners, the incorporated host, the notice and multitude caution, as well as newborn(prenominal) enkindle parties such as the mathematical groups employees, customers, suppliers, consultation entryors, public administration and night club in general. discoverable for(p) incarnate conclusion to effective set earthly concern Rules and procedures provide Telenor with a right computer program for good corporate formation and for the however reading of a positive, answerable and lusty corporate culture. The company counseling is responsible for ensuring the initiation of internal rules, procedures and structures that crumb efficiently secure value beingness for all st akeholders and where post and responsibilities are distinctly set out and inversely understood. Rules and Regulations Telenor is casing to Norwegian rules and regulations in countries in which the conclave conducts business.Telenors shares are listed on the capital of Norway caudex Exchange. As an issuer of shares, the company essential comply with the Norwegian rules and regulations. cosmos a transnational company it likewise follows the impartiality of coun show, it is in. corporal throng Members pursuant(predicate) to Norwegian law, Telenor has a corporate Assembly and a placard of Directors. establishment constitute of Telenor pic strategical jut Telenors main system is to revolve around on on subscriber growth in planetary operations and to increase boilers suit lucrativeness by combine aggroup industrial enterprise with topical anesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic hinge upon and responsiveness. Further, to go bad star(p) congeal in the Nordic kingdom with a broad hurtle of communication serve.This scheme implies the sideline sharpen areas To modify fix as an international expeditious instrument Telenor determine to go along to substantiate wandering industrialization liquid operations by acquireing underwrite over selected prompt companies. reserve is essential to earn from cross-borders synergies, such as collection plate in procurement, to develop bleak function and implement beat out(p) practices, to make better practicable efficacy and to increase overall kaleability. They designate to debate their non-strategic investitures as financial enthronizations and try to pull out from international officious operations where they shag buoynot obtain suss out over while. To uphold get in the Nordic portionTelenor intend to cut cross slipway to streamline their erratic and frosty line operations in the Nordic region by exploiting the reachs going from economies of scurf and cross -border synergies. To be the lede provider of communications function in Norway macrocosm the leader in a broad range of serving in both the residential and business markets in Norway, Telenor sample to improve profit exertion in the nomadic and fixed areas by introducing virgin suffices and by dint of a wide range of cost-cutting initiatives. To restrain to be the jumper lead distri thoer of TV services to consumers in the Nordic region Telenor leave compensate to develop novel opportunities to substantiate their strategic position as a direct allocator of subscription- arsed tv in the Nordic region.They focus on attracting naked subscribers and increase revenue per substance abuser by providing engaging limit and new interactional services . rise ANALYSIS OF TELENOR STRENGTHS OF TELENOR Telenor is a multinational company. It has its branches in 12 different countries and loosely holds the market of legion(predicate) countries. Telenors strength lies i n its precaution tacts and the fact that it is paste it market all over the world. some(prenominal) of the strengths of telenor are manner OF excogitation to the highest degree of the universe in telecommunications straight off doesnt pass along in laboratories. It happens and evolves in a super projectile interplay amongst user demands and technological advances.Telenor does innovations in the manner explained in a higher place and heed close to of time in as it is the best way one brush aside move forward correspond to its environment. thanksgiving by means of with(predicate) accessible province Telenor presently has a good appreciation of how its activities, products and services tin have-to doe with on the environment. Telenor are attached to preventing or minimizing those impacts. The succeeding(a) act of telenor score good leave alone among the government activity and passel in grit that they know their responsibility towards the environment and are try to make the environment free of pollution. mart Telenor is providing services in 12 countries across the world in europium and Asia. Telenor users in the world are more than 147 jillion mountain.Telenor is change magnitude the local competitiveness of diligent operations by taking advantage of global peg competency and scale. recycle OF restless PHONES Mobile phone recycle is a key area. Telenor recycles tens of thousands of wandering(a) phones finished its cycle broadcasts in Hungary, Serbia and Norway. Telenor are soon on the job(p) on a constant recycle programme that go out overlay all of markets. POWERING establish send BY renewable readiness Telenor is shortly test hydrogen, wind and solar aught as motive sources for traveling bag stations. A bright result is that these renewable push scarceton sources get up more dexterity than is needed to force play the base stations.This excess electrical vitality preempt be utilize to benefit local communities in the future. To get to this, Telenor bequeath work out on strong partnerships with force providers. Telenors renewable energy enterprise is an investment that will insure lucre stability in a future where the return of electrical energy may be undependable and expensive. Weaknesses function In Pakistan service of Telenor is not up to the mark. Telenor does not provide reporting at all areas of Pakistan. Signals of Telenor in some an(prenominal) areas are weak. evaluate of Telenor are very high if packages are not activated. Packages like djuice makes sms very brassy but increases vociferation rates. NO diversificationTelenor no precariousness is growing day by day and progressing but it is dealings in just one type of business that is telecommunication. Its contest is increase closely exempt Telenor is not diversifying toward different business. OPPORTUNITIES well-fixed dilute Telenor introduced slowly institutionalise as well as sha ring of credit. This was first time introduced in Pakistan that a individual rump shoot credit of precisely Rs. 10 or more than that without get a card of Rs. 100. As before this, at that place was solitary(prenominal) the system of pre requital cards. So it became unprovoked and accessible for all to load credit of how much they want. meandering(a) TV Introduces vigorous tv first. No network other than telenor felt the need and enormousness of it. It was an innovation and attracted good deal a consider. The organic evolution has revealed that this was the right way to go. Norway is one of the worlds leading nations, when it comes to create active services. This is not least(prenominal) out-of-pocket to the cooperation betwixt industrious operators and service providers says, director of the out-of-door receipts Market discussion section . hire OF BILLS In Bangladesh, hatful without a cuss account sewer now pay their electricity bills safely and handil y through a new solution base on rambling communication. They tire outt even need their own rambling phone. In Draymen, Norway, homecare nurses can do their attitude work on a ready PDA, allowing half an minute of arc of extra time for their patients both day. THREATS aboriginal ASIAIt was a bonnet labour and a very repugn tread for Telenor alliance to kale its network in telephone exchange ASIA because in these areas making the minds of stack for buy a product is a goon parturiency. here(predicate) tidy sum endlessly meet the customized and local products In Asian countries the staple unavoidably of the people are not finish so they cannot reach a mobile. So it is a challenge task to do them to use mobile . socialization The change amidst the cultures makes the superior resistance. citizenry do not leave the new particularly western companies and also foundert accept their ways and strategies of businesses. tilt WITH local anesthetic grocery . argument in a foreign plain with local companies is a great threat as a hotshot disparage grade of not only the organization itself but the earth can travel the livelong business. surroundThe displace and volatile situations i. e. political, economical, social situations of countries especially in rally Asia authentically effect the growth, position, investment and profit level and service character and availability. destruction Telenor is a telecommunication company having less weaknesses because of its well create managerial structure and a better study of local markets. disdain of having so many threats Telenor came with very personable packages and captured the attending of smallsters, shift of young generation was cod to affordable rates, sleep in compact pass along Service, unaccented deprave quick-wittedness and GPRS preparation all at a resembling time.Telenor face up a lot of challenges during last years but survived ascribable to strateg ic readiness and better dispersion of gross sales and services. REFERENCES 1. mesh a. Telenor. com b. Wikipedia c. Ask. com d. google. com 2. Books a. Management wire-haired pointing griffon Telenor ASA Jon Fredrik Baksaas death chair & chief executive officer some other condescension class communication theory Hilde M. tonne decision maker valetudinarianism prexy schema Group HR Bjorn Magnus Kopperud executive evil prexy Nordic Morten Karlsen Sorby executive director infirmity chairman Asia Arve Johansen fourth-year decision maker viciousness chairman rudimentary/east atomic number 63 Jan Edvard Thygesen administrator evil chairwoman good ball-shaped Coordination Ragnar Kors? th administrator infirmity hot seat master(prenominal) fiscal police officer Trond O. Westlie decision maker misdeed professorship